Art of making types and type-bars.



F. H. RICHARDS. ART OF MAKING TYPES AND TYPE BARS. APPLICATION FILED KAY 20,1901. RENEWED SEPT. 19, mos;

' Patented Apr. 20, 1909.

' 3 SHEETS-SHEET 1.

@gig M. i=5 0 H Patented Apr. 20, 1909.

. 3 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

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. P. H. RICHARDS. ART or MAKING TYPES AND TYPE BARS. APPLICATION IILBD MAY 20, 1901. RENEWED SEPT. 19,1908. 91 9,23 1 Patented Apr. 20, 1909. 3 SHEETS SHEET 3.

what enlarged scale of a portion of the edge 1 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

rRANCIs n. RICrIARns, or HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT, AssICNoR, BY MnsNR ASSIGNMENTS, T0 AMERICAN TYPOGRAPHIO CORPORATION, A C RPORATION OF NEW JERSEY.

ART OF MAKING TYPES AND TYPE-BARS.

Application filed May 20, 1901, Serial No. 60,990. Renewed September 19, 1908.

T 0 all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, FRANors H. RICHARDs, a citizen of the United States, residing at Hartford, in the county of Hartford .and State of Connecticut, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in the Art of Making Types and Type-Bars, of which the following is a specification.

This invention relates to the art of making wrought types and a series of the same to form a typebar.

The usual mode of making a type according to my present invention involves, broadly speaking, the imparting to the members concerned in the type-making operation-the die and a suitable blank constituting these members, in this connectiona relative subsidiary motion in addition to the direct advance or feeding movement of the one toward and against the other to effect the penetration of the material of the blank by the die. The result of these combined motions is to form gradually and progressively upon the blank, a type or type-head consisting of a type-block or column integrally connected with the material of the blank and surmounted by the type-impression face having a configuration that is a counterpart of the corresponding portions of the type-forming die. intimately associated therefore with the making of the type-lines of the impression face and determining the contour thereof are the recesses and elevations provided at the bottom of the die cavity.

The present invention relates more particularly to these die recesses and elevations, and their bounding walls and edges, and it provides a mode of die treatment whichin conjunction with a proper die facilitates the movement of the surplus material lying in the upper portion of the forming type-block and the coincident filling of the type-lines through the influence exerted by moving material lying in other regions and gradually displaced from the edge of the blank during the action of the working die, thus furnishing for the flowage of the upper-lying material whose removal is necessary to secure a satis factory forming of the type-lines, a region of comparatively small resistance from which material is being worked out by the action of the die.

In the drawings accompanying thisspecification, Figure 1 is a plan'view upon a some- Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented April 20, 19.09.

Serial No.453,822.

of a typebar-b'lank having .a number of types made thereon in accordance with the present invention and represents in a conventional Way a pair of cutting instruments for trimming the blank or typebar subsequent to the making thereon of types and removing the surplus material forced beyond the sides of the typebar. Fig. 2 is an elevational view on the same scale of that end of the typeibarblank represented in Fig. 1 on which the types are located and the .figure shows a type-forming die in a position it occupies at the Close of its type-making operation. Figs. 3 and 4 are partly end-elevationa'l, partly sectional view of the blank and die represented in Fig. 2 and drawn to the same scale, the former of the two figures showing the die in Contact with the blank and in one of its positions during the progress of type making, the latter of the first-mentioned fig ures setting forth the die in the same position as indicated in Fig. 2. Fig. 5 is an elevationa'l view upon a somewhat smaller scale than the other figures of an oscillatory typebar-blank holder and its supports, showing, also, a wedge and its cooperative element for effecting the transverse feeding movement of the blank against the type-forming die and also showing a diecarrier in a position corresponding to the working position of a die supported thereon. Fig. 6 is an end elevation of the parts shown in Fig. 4. Fig. 7 is a plan view of a type-making die, showing the interior thereof, the scale of this figure being very considerably enlarged. Fig. 8 is a view, mostly in section, drawn to the samescale as Fig. 7 and exhibits the action of certain punch-like portions located at the bottom of the die cavity. Fig. 9 is a view similar to Fig. 8 and drawn to the same scale, showing the relative position of the blank and the die at the close of the type-making operation. Figs. 10 and 11 are different views of a mechanism for carrying into effect and making type according to my present method.

Similar characters of reference designate corresponding parts in all figures.

In carrying out my present improvements, the type, it may be stated in a general way, is formed by the action of a proper die, designated throughout the present specification and drawings in general by "D. The type stock or blank maybe of any material suitable for the purposeas for instance, typemetal of proper compositionbroughtinto the requisite or desired shape in some suitable way-for example, by casting, rolling, or otherwise. I have found, however, that a process for so operating upon the material as to produce a substantial y wrought blank, designated for reference herein by B, as distinguished from a condition resulting from the casting of the same to shape, or at least a blank having that portion or those portions wrought which are concerned in the formation of the several type-blocks, is best suited for the practice of the present improvements. Moreover, the blank upon which the tvpes are to be formed may be a continuous lllDDOll or red, or each blank may be a separate piece having a length substantially equal to that of the finished typebar.

In etl'ecting the penetration of the material of the blank by the die it is immaterial whether the movement which I designate as a transverse feeding movement (this term being used as a term of identification and not of definition, as such movement may be in other directions than at right angles to the face of the die) is impzirted to the blank or die or to both, but I find it convenient to feed the blank against the die and have represented in Figs. 5 and 10, particularly, a feed element for imparting such movement to the blank, the particular element illus trated being chosen for the purposes of the present specification. The element there set forth consists of a wedge w shift-able to and fro by suitable means, form of which will presently be described, and upon which the holder for the blank is supported. This wedge is adapted to cooperate with an incline w the combination being a suitable one for raising and lowering the holder with its blank. This feeding movement of the die and blank toward and against each other is, as before stated, not the only movement utilized in carrying out my present improve ments, for the purpose of facilitating the filling of the die cavity, for displacing and disposing of the excess or surplus material separated or sheared from the type-block during the typeanaking oieration and for producing a compact and eense condition of the various surfaces, but in combination with this movement there is a relative subsidiary motion imparted to the members, which combined movement operates to produce a type gradually, and by a series of reductions to accomplish the coincident working out of excess material. lii oreover, in forming a type upon a blank at such a distance from an already formed and finished type as required by ordinary composition, the tendency of the formative stresses of the relatively advancing die and of the excess l material dislodged from the blank is to distort and displace the latter type, a result invariably ensuing unless measures are taken to control the movement of the surplus material and to lesson or control the effects of the formative stresses of the working die and those v l e. tlowage of material tends to cause. J-sdiary movement already adverted to, op i tee in conjunction with the aforesaid transverse feeding movement to force excess material away from the adjacent typethat is, crosswise or laterally of the blankand for further protecting the already formed type i preferably use a wall or plate ada 'itcd to enter into the previously formed and compa ttively narrow space be tween the iinisl'ied ype and the material under the working die where it rei ins dur ing the type-harming operation, ser ng as a retaining surface against which. the moving material or flowage is received and by whicl'i it is more effectually directed. Such wall, it is evident so far as the purposes it fuliils are concerned, may be separate from the die and operated independently thereof, but I find it convenient to attach it to the die and operate the two a unit.

The foregoing subsidiary mov ment oper ating to gradually form the type and work excess material outward transversely or crosswise of the blank, preferably reverses in direction alternately, for the reason that such alternating motion is conveniently attai red and is best adapted to produce a symmetrically formed type. In other words, a relative oscillatory motion is imparted to the members (the die and the blank) during the period of type-forming, and for the production of this relative motion l nd it convenient to oscillate the e rah imparting such motion to a suitable work-holder in which the blank is supported. Good re sults being obtained in the character of the types produced by making this oscillatory motion talte place about an axis, althougl'i the present invention is by no means limited in its scope to such an oscillation, as it may be of a different nature, l have represented in Figs. 5, 6, 10 and l in a more or less conventional way, a holder, desig nated by H, having a slot 7: in which the blank is supported and held as the holder rises under the control of the above-mentioned wedge w. In the organization and relation of machine elements here shown as illustrating one mechanism for practicing the present invention this holder ii is adapted to be oscillated about an axis in line with the direction of length of the blank. Appropriate limits of this oscillatory movement of the holder are also indicated in a general way in Fig. 5 b the dotted lines :1;-:v, and the best position for this oscillatory axis, as demonstrated by tne quality of types produced, appears to he just within or immediately adjacent to wnat will form the common plane of the impression faces of the finished types. In direction, rapidity, extent, etc. of these movementsthat is, the

transverse feeding movement and the oscillatory movementand the relation of these various factors to each other, as well as the relation of the two specified movements one to the other, be varied in any desired manner. The duration of the oscillatory movement may be embracedfor instance within the limits of the period during which the members are fed toward and against each other, but referably the oscillation will commence after the type has been partially formed and cease just before the feeding movement terminates. Furthermore, both movements may be uniform throughout their whole duration or either may be varied, or they may both be varied. Viith respect to an appropriate interrelation, l have found good results to follow from a gradual reduction in the speed of the transverse feeding movement during the later portion of such movement accompanied by a concurrent oscillatory motion decreasing in amplitude or extent of oscillation during the later stages of the feeding movement and ceasing altogether just prior to the termination of the latter movement.

Type-forming instrumentalities or dies D used in carrying the present improvements into effect are in form and construction suitable to the types to be made. Each die is, as represented in the drawings attached to the present specification, adapted for the formation of a type-block or column, designated in a general way by D, connected integrally to the stock of the blank B and surmounted by the impression face of the type, for so I may term the upper face of the block of the requisite contour .to yield ultimately the configuration of the desired printed character. he several dies may be adjusted and brought into proper relation to the blank B supported in the holder H by hand or by mechanism, or by any other means operated or o crating to attain a desired sequence in tie type composition. The dies, as an instance of a device for their convenient manipulation, may be mounted upon the periphery of a carrier C, shown in the form of a wheel or disk, and designated in a general way by X, and some suitable device or combination of mechanism will ordinarily be employed for causing a selected die to locate itself at the type-forming point. I have shown for the purpose of illustration as one instance of a mechanism of this character, the die-carrier to be adjustable by hand, the shaft 2 of the carrier being journaled in suitable bearings in an upright 8 extending from an appropriate base-plate Vi. As a means for locking the die-carrier in its adjusted position a locking pin 4 may be used, thrust toward the diecarrier by the tension of a spring 4 and adapted to engage with openings 0 in the die-carrier, by' which means the .latter may be locked in any position to which it may be turned by the manipulation of the adjustingdish 6. This particular arrangement, it will be understood, is illustrative only of an operative devicefor bringing a die to the type forming point and its illustration and description is not intended in any way to limit the practice of the present invention to the particular device shown.

The oscillatory holder in which the blank is supported, if a wedge and cooperative incline are used for effecting its movement toward the die, may be hung on pivots 20, 20 from uprights f and f forming component parts of a carrier F mounted in the uprights e, e of a carriage, designated in a general way by E, to move toward and from the die carrier. This carriage is shown gibbed to the base-plate VJ of the supporting frame to have a longitudinal movement in its guides for the purpose of bringing different portions of the edge of the contained blank in juxtaposition to the successively selected dies, a simple means for effecting this movement of the carriage being shown and consisting of a suitably supported screw 21 having an 0 erating handle 21'. Upon the carriage tiere is shown fulcrumed a lever 7 connected at one end with the wedge w and at the other end having a pin 7 engaging with the groove of a earn 8 slidably mounted upon a shaft 9 which in the elemental mechanism shown is manually operable from a suitable handle 10. It will, of course, be understood that in this particular mechanism the wedge must be actuatable in all positions which the carriage may assume, and to enable this result to be attained the shaft 9 is mounted in bearings supported by the base-plate W and has its cam 8 connected with the carriage to move longitudinallyt ierewith. Thus, for instance, and as shown, the cam is provided with a grooved collar 9 with which engages a forked arm 11 extending from thecarriage.

The means embodied in the present mechanism for oscillating the blank comprises an oscillator, designated in a general way by 0, consisting of a shaft 0 journaled in the mentioned upright extending from the base-plate and provided at one end with .a cross-plate 0 carryinga block 0 to which is jointed a link 12 operatively connecting the block with the holder. A stretcher-rod 13 extends lengthwise of the latter and to this the link is pivoted, this construction permitting the holder to be oscillated whatever the position of the carriage. For swinging or oscillating the shaft 0 in its bearings, a shaft 14 is shown, which may be driven, as for instance by means of a driving-pulley 15, and from which extends a crank-pin 16, engaging with a slot 16 in an arm 16 of the oscillator-shaft. If the cross-plate c is provided with a guideway, as shown, and the block 0 is fitted thereto the shifting therehandle Jil and bearing against a roller 17 r journalcd upon the pin i1 serving for the connection of the link to the sliding-block 0". prine 19 is pr rided for maintaining the contact of the roller with the cam while an upright pin 21 confines the link to the plane of its ribration. making the cam 17 of the proper contour a proper movement of the slidingblocli may be obtained.

So far as the relative oscillation is concerned either the blanlnearrier or the diecarrier might be oscillated, and either of these members might be fed toward the other in order to cause the gradual formation of the type. It will also be seen that while the ma} or portion of the vorh of form ing a type may be accomplished as the result of a combined oscillation and feeding of the blank the type may or may not be partially formed by the directfeeding movement of the die. in the preferred mode of opera tion, the parts are so disposed and their movements are so timed relatively to each other that each die will partially shape its type before any oscillation of the bland: takes place. The extent to which the type may be thus preliminarily shaped will of course depend upon the position of the die and the blanl: and the movements thereof, and greater or less movement of the die toward and against the blank will, of course, result in a more complete or only in a partial shaping of the type.

The action to which the material under th die, considered in its entirety, is subjected as a result of the oscillatory movement herein described when the blank is under compression of the die may be termed a rolling one. As the di advances into the material of the blanl: and the latter oscillated from side to side, more and more of the mate lid is forced into the die cavity and subjected to the incising, forging and sw'grng action of the walls and faces thereof. More and more of the material necessary to build up and form the type-block, the edges of the outer portion of the die alternately bite afresh into the blank, forced or squeezed up to the die, and under the impact and pressure of its interior side faces, as the relative inclination of these faces and the surfaces of the mass changes by reason of the I fore, one efi ecting a gradual reduction there- A! J .1 or oscillation to the maximum of, operating to compact the material of the type-block and render the surfaces smooth and unbroken, and to connect them one with the other in a manner precisely conforming to the boundary edges or lines of intersection between the planes of the corresponding faces of the die. The resultant forging op eration effects, moreover, strengthening of the integral connection of the type-block with the steel: of the blank. During this oscillatory movement, extending first on one side a d then on the other, an outlet is also created by reason of the slight separation of the material. from the faces of the die, through which cut et air confined in the die may escape and oil, grease, and other foreign matter be squeezed outward, thus assisting in the production of an exact counterpart of the type-forming die.

1 iind it convenient to remove those portions of the edge of the blank on opposite sides of the type-block and adjacent to the sides of the working die, as also the material which lies between the segment of the blank edge under the die and the adjacent unoperated-upon edge of the blank, concurrently with the formation of the type-block, and l utilize for this purpose the described oscillatory motion to gradually work such material outward laterally of the blank. lhe crosswise movement of this material is effectually accomplished by presenting to this material at such points where movement or flowage is required a relatively fixed surface or surfaces which, as a result of the oscillatory motion, works the material under it outwardly by pressing on the sam Such surfaces, it manifest, may be independent of the die, but for the sake of convenience they may be connected therewith and may, in fact, constitute the surfaces of integral extensions of the die body. They are here so represented, see particularly the surfaces t, the lower edge of the retaining wall already mentioned serving to confine the material endwise of the blank and designated by 48', being also utilized for c isplacing to a slight extent material at the base of the typeblocl; under process of completion and between it and the finishing type at the rear. The dies represented. in the presentdrawings are also adapted to form a cross space in advance of each type, simultaneously with the formation thereof, thus setting off each type-block from the unoperated portion of the blank, progressively with the shaping of the block. It will be understood, however, that this is a characteristic only of the particular dies represented and that the peculiar results attained by them are in nowise essential to the practice of the present invention. As here represented each die is provided with an integral cross wall or blade 4 on the opposite side of the die to the wall 4*, whose lower edge operates in substantially lll) the same manner as the surfaces 4 4 to displace the material of the blank under it.

The action to which the excess material is subjected and which operates to effect its movement crosswise of the blank-that is, in a direction in which it willnot interfere with a finished typeis, as before stated, a rolling one, resulting in the rolling toward the sides of the blank of the excess and superabundant material and theconsequent for mation of comparatively large streams directed outward and laterally of the blank, whose effect extends some distance downward Within the material of the blank and under the die.

As the die penetrates the material of the blank the edges formed by the intersection of the surfaces 4 1 of the lateral extensions of the die body and the side faces of the die cavity operate to incise and dislodge typebloek material in the edge of the blank and adjacent to its side faces from the remainder,

' which latter therefore constitutes surplusage and is operated upon in the described manner by the faces of the die-body extensions and r-ialls and caused to flow outward. During the final stages of type-forming the surfaces at the bottom of the die cavity serve the purpose of instrumentalities for swaging the upper or impression face of the typeblock to shape. 'lhere is thus, in general terms, four operations involved in the formation of a type by the present method; to wit, cutting or incising, rolling, forging or hammering, and staging. Although to a con siderahle extent these several oaeraticns or methods of working are applie' simultaneously through the regular operation of the mechanism, yet the respective functions are in general separated to a greater or less extent, both in point of time and in point of cooperation. For instance, during the entire transverse feeding movement and the penetration of the blank by the die, the outer edges of the die cavity, already adverted to, operate to incise or divide the mass of metal, while the sidewise motion of the die, first one way and then the other, operates to make the inner side walls of the die and more particularly those portions thereof adjacent to those edges, forge or hammer in the sides of the type-block or type body. At the same time the rolling action of the die and blank, one relatively to the other, operates to displace surplus material through the rolling outward of certain portions of the same.

For the purpose of clearly explaining the features of the present invention, the finished type-block may be divided by certain horizontal planes extending lengthwise of the type-bar or typebar-blank and separated to a considerable extent from each other, measured in line with the depth of the bar or blank. These planes are indicated by the dotted lines rr, ss, tt in Fig. 8, the former plane being that of the surface or platform at the base of the type-block, the second that formed by the surface of the typeblock at the base of the type-lines, and the latter plane being that of the impression face or surface of the type. Of course the portion or total area of each plane occupied by the material of the type-block will generally vary 'hroughout the various types utilized in the art, and the ratio between the distances separating these planes is in nor-."ise limited to any particular numerical figure, although I have found good results to be attained by making the distance between the planes represented by the lines t t and ss from one-third to one-six-th of the distance between the planes represented by the lines tt and rr. The present method is also in nowise confined to any particular absolute measurement for these dis tances, but experiment has demonstrated that type of superior qualities may be formed by making the total height of the type, for ordinary newspaper type, from three and one-half to live and one-half hundredths of an inch. Of course this ratio and the distances specified are intended solely for the purpose of giving definiteness and precision to one mode of carrying out the present invention, but it will be understood that the various figures are dependent upon the nature and size of the types to be produced and necessarily vary for different fonts.

Referring again to the general process, the surplus material below the plane -rr as the latter advances depthwise of the blank with the advancing die, is disposed of, as before stated, through the formation of relatively large streams which in about the location indicated by the arrows y, y, move downwardly and outwardly from the center of the blank toward the sides thereof, such streams flowing simultaneously with the forming of the type body. Later on in the general process when the type has been nearly filled out to its full proportions the material reaches up above the plane s-s and the lines of the type begin to form. Experience would seem to demonstrate that the actions occurring at the bottom ofthe die cavity during the formation of these lines and which are intimately involved in their development, are akin to those, although upon a more minute degree, taking place in the first stages of the advance of the die into the blank.

It is evident that any movement in the material at the extreme upper portions ofthe forming type-block occasioned by the oscil lating and actively working edges of the various type-line forming recesses at the bottom of the die cavity such, for instance, as the edges perpendicular to the plane of Figs. 8 and 9 and indicated by the points 30, '30, is local and relatively remote fromany movement or flowage taking place lower do and adjacent to the lower portion of the die. The surfaces at the bottom of the die cavity which will determine eventually the typelines forming the impression face or these surfaces of the type-block which will be located in the plane tt operate in a substantially analogous manner to the surfaces e, 41 of the die body extensions, and the edges 30, 30 formed by the intersection of these former surfaces with the inclined faces of the recesses; see, for instance, the faces 30, 30 at the bottom of the cavity in a manner similar to the corresponding edges 31, 31 at the lower portion of the die. That is, the surface of the raised portion at the bottom of the die cavity and which is bounded by the faces 30", 30, operates to roll the material in the upper portion of the block toz'rard the described recesscs of the die, while the bounding edges of this face or these faces, if there-be more than one, serve to assist in the filling of the recesses. in a eral therefore, the conditions prevailing at the upper face of the type-block during the Working thereof to shape, are kindred in nature to those coincidently prevailing farther down, in the sense that there exists in both places a surplus of material hich mustbe moved in order to form a Well-formed type.

Referring, for the purpose of illustrating; more clearly the punch-like action of the portions of the die mentioned, and taking as an example the die for makin a capital letter I, it Will be noted (see l l '7) that at each side of the portion of the die which is intended for forming the stem of the letter there is a space, indicated by 32, in which a relatively considerable area of die surface is located on the intermediate platform plane 8 .9. Each of these surfaces is bounded by sharp er 30, 30 corresponding to the edges 30, 80, indicated in Figs. 8 and 9, and also the edges 30 act to cut or incise the material, or at least to divide the metal gradually as the rolling movements of the type-making; memhere proceed. The pressure of each of the die surfaces bounded by these edges on the metal under it, tends to push down a column thereof approximatir n cross-sectional area to the area of this surface, which column of metal is consequently under a stress. ill, strained condition of the metal therefore results which extends downwardly prai'lually spreading outward inits des cnt somewhatin the manner represented by the stipplini il of Fig. 8 until they become relieved and the stresses are dissipated in the large flowag e streams of the moving excess material at the extreme side edges of one blank and which, as before stated, are occasioned by the lower edges and faces of the die. Tlhe lines of force from the interior corners or edges of the die surface, adverted to above, pass downward in a manner corresponding to the peculiar Y action of punches used for perforating metal thicker than the diameter of the punch. 'lhat is to say, under the edges of the punch like portions or surfaces of the die, the lines of force spread outwardly and the strain upon the material gradually decreases as the lines of force become more and more remote from the advancing surface and the stresses become dif used through increasingly wider spaces until a considerable distance below the said surface, the lines disappear in the streams which flow outward at the sides of the blank. The effect of this peculiar operation is to displace the said column of metal and gradually carry downward said column relatively to the other portions of the type body, this operation being performed in such a manner that the said column is shifted downward until the metal in contact with the described edges is actually divided there- ;greatest strain bein that by, the region of V (.hrectly beneatli he advancing punch-like L L surface and in line with the die movement.

i s forcible shifting; of the metal is insuffcient to actually separate the different portions of the mass except those portions in contact with the punch-like surfa PS, since the material is of ductile character, and While god through iioivagge Within the mass nevertheless remains in coherence and preserves the integrality of the type body or block. The comparatively large streams adjacent to and below the -1.e forminn pe-bloch thus not only 0 get rid of the surplus material stripped from the type-block, but also coop erates Wlbll the surfaces at the bottom of the d as the result of the repeated movements of the die whereby there is produced a more perfect filling of the the under a elven environn or condition and the bf Q08 are fori ed with a high degree of uniformity and with, relatively, the greatest facility. Such, in general, is the action of those portions of the die concerned in forming the lines of the type as the dies are selectively brought into position to make the desired composition the blank.

no spaces between Words may be formed by dies of the same or different widths operated in the general manner alreaoy described to deeress portions of the blanhbelow the common level of the types, While the fins and portions forced beyond the planes of the sides of the bar may be trimmed off, as by a pair of cutting tools Z, Z, operated in some appropriate manner.

Having described my invention, I claim' 1. That improvement in the art of making types which consists in creating comparatively large flowage streams in one locality of theforming type block and in simultaneously exerting a type formative pressure on the blank and at another locality within the region affected by such streams.

2. That improvement in the art of making types which consists in creating comparatively large flowage streams adjacent to the base of the forming type block and in simultaneously exerting a type formative pressure on the blank at another locality within the region affected by such streams.

3. That improvement in the art of making types which consists in creating comparatively large flowage streams adjacent to the base of the forming type block and in simultaneously exerting a type formative pressure on the top of such block within the region affected by such streams.

4. That improvement in the art of making types which consists in creating comparatively large flowage streams adjacent to the base of the forming type block and in simultaneously exerting a pressure for modifying the flowage on those portions of the upper face thereof which lie below the impression face of the finished type.

5. That improvement in the art of making types which consists in subjecting each type blank port-ion of a blank to a repeated rolling action on a plane below the upper edge there of and in simultaneously exerting a direct pressure on such type-blank portion to thereby completely form a type before the next successive type-blank portion is subjected to such treatment.

6. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars which consists in subjecting each type-blank. portion of a typebarblank to a repeated rolling action on a plane below its upper edge and in simultaneously exerting a direct pressure on those portions lying contiguous to the forming type-lines of the type to thereby completely form a type before the next successive type-blank portion is subjected to such treatment.

7. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars which consists in subjecting each type-blank portion of a typebarblank to a repeated rolling action on a plane below the upper edge and in simultaneously subjecting such type-blank portion to combined directly applied pressure and rolling to thereby completely form a type before the next successive type-blank portion is subj ected to such treatment.

,8. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars which consists in subjecting each type-blank portion of a typebarnext successive type-blank portionis subjected to such treatment.

9. That improvement in the art of making lines of type, which'consists in successively subjecting each successive type-blank portions of the edge of a line-of-type blank to the repeated rolling action of raised die portions of a type die for forming the type lines of the successive types, and in simultaneously with each rolling action inducing flowage below the forming type lines and also concurrently forming a type thereon.

10. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars which consists in inducing flowage transverse to the typebarblank and adjacent to one portion of the forming type-block and in exerting pressure on other portions thereof in a different plane.

' 11. Tiat improvement in the art of making types and typebars which consists in inducing flowage transverse to the typebar blank and adjacent to the base of the forming type-block and in exerting pressure on other portions thereof in a different plane.

12. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars which consists in inducing flowage transverse to the typebarblank and adjacent to the base of the forming type-block and in exerting pressure on the top thereof.

13. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars which consists in inducing flowage transverse to the typebarblank and adjacent to the base of the forming type-block and in exerting pressure on those portions of the upper face thereof which lie below the impression face of the finished type.

14. That improvement in the art of mak ing types and typebars which consists in subjecting a typebar-blank to a rolling action transverse to the blank at points below the upper edge thereof and in simultaneously exerting pressure on such edge.

15. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars which consists in sub jecting a typebar-blank to a rolling action transverse to the blank at points below the upper edge and in simultaneously exerting pressure on those portions lying contiguous to the forming type-lines of the type.

16. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars which consists in subjecting a typebar-blank to a rolling action transverse to the blank at points below the upper edge and in simultaneously subjecting said edge to combined pressure and rolling.

17. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars which consists in sub- ]ectmg a typebarblank to a rolling action transverse to the blank points below the upper edg and in simultaneously subjecting bringing a die and blank together in working engagement and inducing fiowage streams those por' as lying contiguous to the forming typelines of the type to combined pressure and rolling.

i8. hat improvement in. the art of making types and typehars which consists in exerting format. ye pressure upon the edge of a typebarl lanl-; d in inducing low 7 adjacent to the base of the to fining typeblocl; and Within the range of strara resulting from. the exertion of saio. pressure.

19. That iinpnwement in the art or male ing lines of type, which consists in inducing flowage at successive points along a line of type blank and in subjecting the blanl; at each such operation to pressure and utilizing such ilcu'age for assisting in filling out and completely forming each type.

20. That improvement the a ing lines of type, which consis s 1' sively subjecting successive port edge oi a proper blank to formati cause both a flovrage at one point ing each of the type making operations and the completion of each to be before the next is begun.

21. That improvement in the art of ma;- ing types which consists in oscillating a die in conjunction with blank and inducing fiowage adjacent to the base of the forming type-block and in exerting a direct type rt of makin the b formative pressure at other adjacent portions thereof.

22. T hat improvement in the art of making types and typebars which consists in in incising the blank at the outlines of the forming type for limiting the exons of the l e action to and a sub- 2 jection to pressure an adjacent point .duri tent and augmenting the speed of the move ment oi": the lloivage streams, in forging the sides of the type, and finally in swaging the formec type.

23. That improvement in the of making types and typebars which consists in bringing a die and typebar blank together, ett'ecting relative woriing movement between these for inducing an outward flow of a stream of the metal and in incising the metal of the blank at the region of the base line of the flee a e stream and directing part of said stream into the die cavity.

24. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars which consists in imparting a relative WOIlClH movement between a die and a blank crosswise. of the blank and in setting up a fiowage stream in the blank, and in. incising the stream and diverting part of such stream away from the cavity and diverting part of such stream toward and into the die cavity.

FRANCIS H. RIGHA'RDS.

Witnesses FRED J. DOLE,

(Jr-ms. E. Voss. 

